The zoonotic potential of mink farming
Victoria Marincheva, Iliyan Manev
Резюме: Minks can be infected and serve as a source of several zoonotic diseases, among which the recently gaining popularity SARS-CoV-2 and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI). However, many others can be potentially dangerous to humans and other animals but have been neglected as rare. Nowadays mink farming has been widen its influence beyond the bars of cages and has become both an economical, ecological and ethical question. Economy lies in the heavy losses of many countries with developed mink industry during the COVID crisis and the need for welfare improvement in the sector. Ecology calls for attention on the invasive nature of the species and the effect of feral populations on native fauna. It is also ethical to ask do we really need to breed minks for their fur especially under conditions that do not answer their behavioral needs, definitely unsanitary and cruel, as well as being the cause of unprecedented exchange of pathogens between humans and a naturally solitary creature? This article is dedicated to the zoonotic potential of minks as a part of a wider problem that can shake the One Health concept.
Ключови думи: avian influenza; mink; SARS-CoV-2; zoonosis
Цитиране: Marincheva, V. & Manev, I. (2024). The zoonotic potential of mink farming. Bulgarian Journal of Animal Husbandry, 61(3), 29-38.
| Литература: (click to open/close) | Acha, P. N. & Szifres, B. (1986). Zoonoses and diseases communicable to man and animals. PAHO/WHO. 2nd ed. Washington.
Agüero, M., Monne, I., Sánchez, A., Zecchin, B., Fusaro, A., Ruano, M. J., del Valle, A. M., Fernández Antonio, R., Souto, A. M., Tordable, P., Cañás, J., Bonfante, F., Giussani, E., Terregino, C. & Orejas, J. J. (2023). Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in farmed minks, Spain, October 2022. Euro Surveill, 28(3). pii=2300001. doi: 10.2807/1560- 7917.ES.2023.28.3.2300001.
Alfaro, M. A. S., Raffo, E., Bustos, M. I., Tomckowiack, C., Tejeda, C., Collado, L. & Medina-Vogel G. (2020). New insights on the infection of pathogenic Leptospira species in American mink (Neovison vi- son) in southern Chile. Trop Anim Health Prod 53(1), 2. doi: 10.1007/s11250-020-02469-2.
Azami-Conesa, I., Sansano-Maestre, J., Martínez Díaz, R. A. & Gómez-Muñoz, M. T. (2021). Invasive Species as Hosts of Zoonotic Infections: The Case of American Mink (Neovison vison) and Leishmania infantum. Microorganisms 9(7), 1531. doi: 10.3390/ microorganisms9071531.
Azami-Conesa, I., Pérez-Moreno, P., Matas Méndez, P., Sansano-Maestre, J., González F., Mateo Barrientos, M. & Gómez-Muñoz, M. T. (2023). Occurrence of Leishmania infantum in Wild Mammals Admitted to Recovery Centers in Spain. Pathogens 12(8), 1048. doi: 10.3390/pathogens12081048.
Barros, M., Sáenz, L., Lapierre, L., Nuñez, C. & Medina-Vogel, G. (2014). High prevalence of pathogenic Leptospira in alien American mink (Neovison vison) in Patagonia. Rev. Chil. de Hist. Nat. 87, 19. doi: 10.1186/s40693-014-0019-x.
Bloom, M. E., Kanno, H., Mori, S. & Wolfinbarger, J. B. (1994). Aleutian mink disease: puzzles and paradigms. Infect Agents Dis 3(6), 279-301.
Bogachev, A. (1968). Listerioz norok [Listeriasis in mink]. Veterinariia 45(11), 49. (in Russian).
Bonesi, L. & Palazon, S. (2007). The American mink in Europe: Status, impacts, and control. Biological Conservation134(4), 470-483. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.09.006.
Bosgiraud, C. & Nicolas, J. A. (1985). Les virus lents en médecine animale et humaine. Revue Méd. Vet., 136(8- 9), 609-616.
Cassmann, E., Moore, S. J., Kokemuller, R., Balsam Buschmann, A., Groschup, M., Nicholson, E. & Greenlee, J. (2020). Bovine adapted transmissible mink encephalopathy is similar to L-BSE after pas- sage through sheep with the VRQ/VRQ genotype but not VRQ/ARQ. BMC Vet. Res., 16, 383. doi: 10.1186/ s12917-020-02611-0.
Center for food security and public health. (2016). Transmissible mink encephalopathy. https://www.cf- sph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/transmissible_mink_ encephalopathy.pdf Accessed on 4 Nov 2023.
Center for food security and public health. (2017). Tularemia. https://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/ tularemia.pdf. Accessed on 14 Nov 2023.
Comoy, E. E., Mikol, J., Ruchoux, M. M., Durand, V., Luccantoni-Freire, S., Dehen, C., Correia, E., Casalone, C., Richt, J. A., Greenlee, J. J., Torres, J. M., Brown, P. & Deslys, J. P. (2013). Evaluation of the zoonotic potential of transmissible mink encephalopathy. Pathogens 2(3), 520-532. doi: 10.3390/ pathogens2030520.
Council Directive 98/58/EC of 20 July 1998 concerning the protection of animals kept for farming purposes. https://eurlex.europa.eu/eli/dir/1998/58/oj.
Díez-León, M., Quinton, M. & Mason, G. (2017). How tall should a mink cage be? Using animals’ preferences for different ceiling heights to improve cage design. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 192, 24-34. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.03.002.
Eurogroup for Animals (2023). The case against fur factory farming in europe. A scientific review of animal welfare standards and ‘WelFur’. Second edition. https://media.4-paws.org/9/a/5/3/9a53f13d0cbed29a b7d2dc671f2dc4fa68a14d74/202303_efa_The_case_ against_fur_factory_farming_Report.pdf. Accessed on 9 Jan 2024.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2020.) Detection of new SARS-CoV-2 variants related to mink. ECDC: Stockholm.
European commission (2023). Questions and Answers on the European Citizens’ Initiative “Fur Free Europe”. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ qanda_23_6254. Accessed on 9 Jan 2023.
European Council (1999). Standing committee of the European convention for the protection of animals kept for farming purposes (t-ap). Recommendation concerning fur animals. https://www.coe.int/t/e/legal_affairs/le- gal_cooperation/biological_safety_and_use_of_ani- mals/farming/Rec%20fur%20animals%20E%201999. asp Accessed on 5 Nov 2023.
European Food Safety Authority (2022). Avian influenza overview September - December 2022. Scientific report. EFSA Journal 21(1), 7786. doi:10.2903/j.
efsa.2023.7786.
FAO, WOAH, WHO. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 in animals used for fur farming. GLEWS+ Risk assessment. WHO/2019nCoV/fur_farming/risk_assess- ment/2021.1/ Accessed on 9 Jan 2024.
Fenollar, F., Mediannikov, O., Maurin, M., Devaux, C., Colson, P., Levasseur, A., Fournier, P. E. & Raoult, D. (2021). Mink, SARS-CoV-2, and the Human Animal Interface. Front Microbiol, 12, 663815. doi: 10.3389/ fmicb.2021.663815.
Finley, G., Mason, G., Pajor, E., Rouvinen-Watt, K. & Rankin, K. (2012). Code of Practice for the care and handling of mink: Review of Scientific Research on Priority Issues. https://www.nfacc.ca/resources/ codes-of practice/mink/Mink_Review_Scientific%20 Research_Report.pdf. Accessed on 7th Nov 2023.
Foundation LUTREOLA (2006). European mink. Captive breeding and husbandry protocol. https://lutreola. eu/wpcontent/uploads/2015/05/guideline.pdf. Ac- cessed on 5th Nov 2023.
Fournier-Chambrillon, C., Aasted, B., Perrot, A., Pontier, D., Sauvage, F., Artois, M., Cassiède, J. M., Chauby, X., Dal Molin, A., Simon, C. & Fournier, P. (2004). Antibodies to Aleutian mink disease parvovirus in free-ranging European mink (Mustela lutreola) and other small carnivores from southwestern France. J Wildl Dis 40(3), 394-402. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558- 40.3.394.
Fraser, E. J., Harrington, L. A., Macdonald, D. W. & Lambin, X. (2018). Control of an invasive species: the American mink in Great Britain, in David W. Macdonald, Chris Newman, and Lauren A. Harrington (eds), Biology and Conservation of Musteloids (Oxford, 2017; online edn, Oxford Academic, 2018), https://doi. org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0016. Accessed 10 Oct 2023.
Fur Free Alliance (2022) COVID-19 on mink farms. https://www.furfreealliance.com/covid-19-on-mink- farms/ Accessed on 18 Oct 2023.
Giner, J., Villanueva-Saz, S., Fernández, A., Gómez, M. A., Podra, M., Lizarraga, P., Lacasta, D., Ruiz, H., Del Carmen Aranda, M., de Los Ángeles Jimenez, M., Hernández, R., Yzuel, A. & Verde, M. (2022). Detection of Anti-Leishmania infantum Antibodies in Wild European and American Mink (Mustela lutreola and Neovison vison) from Northern Spain, 2014-20. J Wildl Dis 58(1), 198-204. doi: 10.7589/JWD- D-21-00027.
Haan, D. & Halbrook, R. S. (2015). Home Ranges and Movement Characteristics of Minks in East-Central New York. The American Midland Naturalist 174(2), 302-309. doi: 10.1674/0003-0031-174.2.302.
Hansen, H. O. (2017). European mink industry - socio- economic impact assessment. https://legacy.altinget. dk/misc/Fur-Invasive-19-09.pdf Accessed on 5th Nov 2023.
Hansen, S. W., Møller, S. H. & Damgaard, B. M. (2014). Bite marks in mink - Induced experimentally and as reflection of aggressive encounters between mink. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 158, 76-85. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.06.008.
Hejlícek, K., Vítovec, J. & Vladík, P. (1973). Bovinní tuberkulóza u norků [Bovine tuberculosis in minks]. Vet. Med. (Praha), 18(11), 707-713 (in Czech).
Henson, J. B., Gorham, J. R., Shen, D. T. (1978). An out- break of tularemia in mink. Cornell Vet 68(1), 78-83.
Humane Society International Fur Production in the European Union. https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/ fur-production-in-the-european-union/ Accessed on 5 Nov 2023.
Hunter, D. B., Prescott, J. F., Hoover, D. M., Hlywka, G. & Kerr, J. A. (1986). Campylobacter colitis in ranch mink in Ontario. Can J Vet Res 50(1), 47-53.
International fur trade federation The Socio-Economic Impact of International Fur Farming. https://web. archive.org/web/20110713004402/http://www.iftf. com/publctns/4849Intls_eEng.pdf Accessed on 5 Nov 2023.
Jahid, M. J., Bowman, A. S. & Nolting, J. M. (2024). SARS-CoV-2 Outbreaks on Mink Farms-A Review of Current Knowledge on Virus Infection, Spread, Spillover, and Containment. Viruses 16(1), 81. doi:10.3390/ v16010081.
Jamil, T., Akar, K., Erdenlig, S., Murugaiyan, J., Sandalakis, V., Boukouvala, E., Psaroulaki, A., Melzer, F., Neubauer, H. & Wareth, G. (2022). Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Brucellosis in European Terrestrial and Marine Wildlife Species and Its Regional Implications. Microorganisms, 10(10), 1970. doi:10.3390/microorganisms10101970.
Jepsen, J. R., d’Amore, F., Baandrup, U., Clausen, M. R., Gottschalck, E., Aasted, B. (2009). Aleutian mink disease virus and humans. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 15(12), 2040-2042. doi: 10.3201/eid1512.090514.
Keller, R. P., Geist, J., Jeschke, J. M. & Kühn, I. (2011). Invasive species in Europe: ecology, status, and policy. Environ. Sci. Eur., 23, 23. doi: 10.1186/2190-4715-23- 23.
Kołodziej-Sobocińska, M., Dvorožňáková, E., Hurníková, Z., Reiterová, K. & Zalewski, A. (2020). Seroprevalence of Echinococcus spp. and Toxocara spp. in Invasive Non-native American Mink. Eco- Health, 17, 13-27. doi: 10.1007/s10393-020-01470-3.
Koshev, Y. S. (2019). Occurrence of the American Mink Neovison vison (Schreber, 1777) (Carnivora: Mus- telidae) in Bulgaria. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 71(3), 417-425.
Lindh, E., Lounela, H., Ikonen, N., Kantala, T., Savolainen-Kopra, C., Kauppinen, A., Österlund, P.,Kareinen, L., Katz, A., Nokireki, T., Jalava, J., London, L., Pitkäpaasi, M., Vuolle, J., Punto-Luoma, A. L., Kaarto, R., Voutilainen, L., Holopainen, R., Kalin-Mänttäri, L., Laaksonen, T., Kiviranta, H., Pennanen, A., Helve, O., Laamanen, I., Melin, M., Tammiranta, N., Rimhanen-Finne, R., Gadd, T. & Salminen, M. (2023). Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection on multiple fur farms in the South and Central Ostrobothnia regions of Finland, July. Euro Surveill 28(31), pii=2300400. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.31.2300400.
Lupanov, M. T. (1970. Diagnostika brutselleza u norok [Diagnosis of brucellosis in mink]. Veterinariia 8, 110- 111 (in Russian).
Mañas, S., Ceña, J. C., Ruiz-Olmo, J., Palazón, S., Domingo, M., Wolfinbarger, J. B., Bloom & M. E. (2001). Aleutian mink disease parvovirus in wild ripar- ian carnivores in Spain. J. Wildl. Dis., 37(1), 138-144. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-37.1.138.
Mañas, S., Gómez, A., Asensio, V., Palazón, S., Podra, M., Alarcia, O. E., Ruiz-Olmo, J. & Casal, J. (2016). Prevalence of antibody to aleutian mink disease virus in European mink (mustela lutreola) and American mink (neovison vison) in spain. J. Wildl. Dis., 52(1), 22-32. doi: 10.7589/2015-04-082.
Martino, P. E. & Stanchi, N. O. (FAO). The breeding of fur-bearing animals and zoonoses. https://www.fao. org/3/u7600t/u7600T0g.htm#la%20cr%C3%ADa%20 de%20animales%20pel%C3%ADferos%20y%20 las%20zoonosis Accessed on 28 Nov 2023.
Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit (2022). Bulgaria bans minks breeding and import. https://www.agroberichtenbuitenland.nl/actueel/ nieuws/2022/04/12/bulgaria-bans-mink-breeding-and- import. Accessed on 16 Dec 2023.
Ministry of Environment and Water (2022). Minister Borislav Sandov prohibited the import and breeding of minks due to biodiversity damage. https://www. moew.government.bg/en/minister-borislav-sandov- prohibited-the-import-and-breeding-of-minks-due-to- biodiversity-damage/ Accessed on 16 Dec 2023.
Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management (2011). Scientific basis for action plan against American Mink in Norway. Invasive American Mink (Neovison vison): Status, ecology and control strategies. DN-utredning 6-2011. ISBN: 978-82-7072-898-5. ISSN: 1891-4616.
Peacock, T. P. & Barclay, W. S. (2023). Mink farming poses risks for future viral pandemics. PNAS 120(30), e2303408120.
Peacock, T. P., Sheppard, C. M., Lister, M. G., Staller, E., Frise, R., Swann, O. C., Goldhill, D. H., Long, J. S. & Barclay, W. S. (2023). Mammalian anp32a and anp32b proteins drive differential polymerase adaptations in avian influenza virus. American society for microbiology. Journal of Virology, 97(5).
Porter, A. F., Purcell, D. F. J., Howden, B. P. & Duchene, S. (2023). Evolutionary rate of SARS-CoV-2 increases during zoonotic infection of farmed mink. Virus Evolution, 9(1), 1-12.
Rabalski, L., Kosinski, M., Mazur-Panasiuk, N., Szewczyk, B., Bienkowska-Szewczyk, K., Kant, R., Sironen, T., Pyrc, K. & Grzybek, M. (2022). Zoonotic spill-over of SARS-CoV-2: mink-adapted virus in humans. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 451e1-451e4. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.12.001.
Ramírez-Pizarro, F., Silva-de la Fuente, C., Hernán- dez-Orellana, C., López, J., Madrid, V., Fernández, Í., Martín, N., González-Acuña, D., Sandoval, D., Ortega, R. & Landaeta-Aqueveque, C. (2019). Zoo- notic Pathogens in the American Mink in Its Southern- most Distribution. Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.), 19(12). doi: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2445.
Salomonsen, C. M., Boye, M., Høiby, N., Jensen, T. H. & Hammer, A. S. (2013a). Comparison of histological lesions in mink with acute hemorrhagic pneumonia as- sociated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Escherichia coli. Can J. Vet. Res., 77(3), 199-204.
Salomonsen, C. M., Themudo, G. E., Jelsbak, L., Molin, S., Høiby, N. & Hammer, A. S. (2013b). Typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from hemorrhagic pneumonia in mink (Neovison vison). Veterinary Microbiology, 163(1-2), 103-109. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.003.
Sánchez-Migallón Guzmán, D., Carvajal, A., García- Marín, J. F., Ferreras, M. C., Pérez, V., Mitchell, M., Urra, F. & Ceña, J. C. (2008). Aleutian disease serology, protein electrophoresis, and pathology of the European mink (Mustela lutreola) from Navarra, Spain. J. Zoo Wildl. Med., 39(3), 305-513. doi: 10.1638/2006- 0033.1.
Schaudien, D., Flieshardt, C., Moser, I., Hotzel, H., Tipold, A., Bleyer, M., Hewicker-Trautwein, M. & Baumgärtner, W. (2013). An unusual case of spinal cord restricted mycobacteriosis in a European mink. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere, 41(1), 63- 66.
Seremak, B., Wojciechowska, A., Pilarczyk, B. & Tomza-Marciniak, A. (2023). An Ethogram of the Reproductive Behaviour of the American Mink (Neovison vison) in Farmed Conditions. Animals (Basel) 13(3), 443. doi: 10.3390/ani13030443.
Sharun, K., Tiwari, R., Natesan, S. & Dhama, K. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks, as- sociated zoonotic concerns, and importance of the One Health approach during the ongoing COVID19 pandemic. Veterinary quarterly, 41(1), 50–60. doi: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1867776.
Sun, H., Li, F., Liu, Q., Du, J., Liu, L., Sun, H., Li, C., Liu, J., Zhang, X., Yang, J., Duan, Y., Bi, Y., Pu, J., Sun, Y., Tong, Q., Wang, Y., Du, X., Shu, Y., Chang, K. C. & Liu, J. (2021). Mink is a highly susceptible host species to circulating human and avian influenza viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 10(1), 472-480. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1899058.
Tsakmakidis, I., Pavlou, C., Tamvakis, A., Papadopoulos, T., Christodoulou, V., Angelopoulou, K., Dovas, C. I., Antoniou, M., Anastasakis, C. & Diakou, A. (2019). Leishmania infection in lagomorphs and minks in Greece. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports, 16, 100279.
Turkebaeva, K. A. & Krivtsova, A. E. (1975). Tuberkulez u norok [Tuberculosis in mink]. Veterinariia, 3, 55-56 (in Russian).
Turner, P. V. (2022). Bacterial Diseases of Mink. MSD Manual. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/exotic-and- laboratory-animals/mink/bacterial-diseases-of-mink. Accessed on 14 Nov 2023.
WHOA (2023). Statement on avian influenza and mammals. https://www.woah.org/en/statement-on-avian- influenza-and-mammals/ Accessed on 12 Dec 2023. |
|
| Дата на публикуване: 2024-06-30
Свали пълен текст 
